ძველი საქართველო. საფარის ციხე და მონასტერი

საფარის მონასტერი — შუა საუკუნეების ქართული მონასტერი. სამცხის მფლობელ ჯაყელთა ერთ-ერთი რეზიდენცია. დაარსებულია არა უგვიანეს X საუკუნისა. მდებარეობს ახალციხის მუნიციპალიტეტის სოფელ ღრელთა

Short inventory of EU legislation on plant toxins in food

Plant toxins, secondary metabolites that are not essential for the survival of the organism itself but are toxic to human health, are produced by many plants. Plant toxins can be present as inherent metabolites in daily foods such as potatoes, herbs and spices or in herbal preparations. Plant toxins can be present as contaminants in foods as a result of unintentionally co-harvested weeds, transfer from feed to products of animal origin, or as residue after application of plant toxins as natural pesticides. Incidents with plant toxins are reported in Europe, mainly as a result of mixing-up of plant species used in herbal remedies or similarities between edible crops and certain weeds. EU legislation on plant toxins in food, if existing at all, is scattered over different legal acts, such as acts on contaminants, flavourings and residues. Limits for plant toxins are, furthermore, mentioned in product specifications of approved novel foods and thus related to one specific plant product. It was concluded that there is a need for a more coherent legislation on plant toxins in food in the EU to ensure consumer health

Short inventory of EU legislation on plant toxins in food

Plant toxins, secondary metabolites that are not essential for the survival of the organism itself but are toxic to human health, are produced by many plants. Plant toxins can be present as inherent metabolites in daily foods such as potatoes, herbs and spices or in herbal preparations. Plant toxins can be present as contaminants in foods as a result of unintentionally co-harvested weeds, transfer from feed to products of animal origin, or as residue after application of plant toxins as natural pesticides. Incidents with plant toxins are reported in Europe, mainly as a result of mixing-up of plant species used in herbal remedies or similarities between edible crops and certain weeds. EU legislation on plant toxins in food, if existing at all, is scattered over different legal acts, such as acts on contaminants, flavourings and residues. Limits for plant toxins are, furthermore, mentioned in product specifications of approved novel foods and thus related to one specific plant product. It was concluded that there is a need for a more coherent legislation on plant toxins in food in the EU to ensure consumer health.</p

Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables and fruits using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Selection of extraction solvent

A method based on liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was developed for sensitive determination of a number of less gas chromatography (GC)-amenable organophosphorus pesticides (OPs; acephate, methamidophos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and vamidothion) in cabbage and grapes. For extraction, several solvents were evaluated with respect to the possibility of direct injection, matrix-induced suppression or enhancement of response, and extraction efficiency. Overall, ethyl acetate was the most favourable solvent for extraction, although a solvent switch was required. For some pesticide/matrix combinations, reconstitution of the residue after evaporation required special attention. Extracts were analysed on a C18 column with polar endcapping. The pesticides were ionised using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation on a tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The final method is straightforward and involves extraction with ethyl acetate and a solvent switch to 0.1% acetic acid/water without further cleanup. The method was validated at the 0.01 and 0.5mg/kg level, for both cabbage and grapes. Recoveries were between 80 and 101% with R.S.D.<11% (n=5). The limit of quantification was 0.01mg/kg and limits of detection were between 0.001 and 0.004mg/kg. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved